Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Zulkarnain Chairuddin; Sumbangan Baja; Kaimuddin; Rahim Darma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Zulkarnain Chairuddin, Sumbangan Baja, Kaimuddin, Rahim Darma

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 1, Issue 3)

Received: 30 May 2013 Published: 20 July 2013

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Abstract

A study was carried out to assess environmental indicators and to investigate the role of soil mineralogy on the topolithosequence with a particular reference to soil development in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil profiles were selected based on the differences in altitude, slope gradient, and rock unit. The soil profiles can be respectively described as follows: P1 (140 meters above sea level, 20%, breksi and lava); P2 (60 meters above sea level, 15%, sedimentary rock); P3 (20 meters above sea level, 3%, alluvium sediment), and P4 (5 meters above sea level, 0%, alluvium sediment). In the identification of sand fraction mineral for each profile, minerals such as Garnet, Apatite, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite, Feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz, Hematite, and Pyrite were found. The quartz mineral can be used as a topolithosequence indicators regarding soil development and its vulnerability against pedo-transfer functions. According to soil development, the profiles can be arranged as follow: P4 > P3 >P2 > P1. The X-ray diffractogram analysis of soil profiles indicates that the diffractogram peaks are 3.2; 3.4; 3.56; 9.9; 12.4; 14.5; 15.4; 16.8; and 17.7Ao which are identified as montmorillonite clay mineral, and the diffractogram peaks 7.2 and 10.1Ao are halloysite. Meanwhile, the diffractogram peaks 3.58, 3.59, and 7.15 Ao are identified as kaolinite. Each soil profile with its diffractogram peak signifies that all profiles have clay mineral montmorillonite, halloysite, and kaolinite, except for soil profile P1 only which has montmorillonite, and halloysite. Therefore, it could be concluded that P1 has experienced longer weathering than P2, P3, and P4, although it never leads to a soil development. The overall results of both sand fraction minerals and clay minerals signify that the soil development rate of each profile corresponds to altitude and slope. This eventually indicates that the weathering is transported in its lateral translocation nature, and reveals different types and levels of environmental indicators related to soil development.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 1, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
Page(s)	105-110
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Environmental Indicators, Pedo-Transfer, Soil Development, Topolithosequence, Weathering

References

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[3]	Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole and R.J. Cracken, "Soil Genesis and Classification," The Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 1980.
[4]	Sukamto, R., "Geological Map", Sheet Pangkajene and West Watampone, Research and Development of Geologi, Bandung, 1982.
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[9]	De Coninck, F.,"Physico Chemical Aspects of Pedogenesis," ITC-RUG, Belgium, 1978.
[10]	Susumu S. Abe, Sadahiro Yamamoto, and Toshiyuki Wakatsuki. "Physicochemical and Morphological Properties of Termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) Mounds and Surrounding Pedons on a Toposequence of an Inland Valley in the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria". Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 514-522. 2009.
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[12]	Sieffermann, G. and Milliot, G.,"Equatorial and Tropical Weathering of Recent basalt from Cameroun: Allophane, Halloysite, Metahalloysite, Kaolinite, and Gibbsite, Proc. Int. Clay Conf. Tokyo. 1989.
[13]	Moore, D.M. and Reynold, R.C. "X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals", 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.
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[15]	Dongmei Zhou, Dengjun Wang, Long Cang, Xiuzhen Hao, and Lingyang Chu. "Transport and Re-entrainment of Soil Colloids in Saturated Packed Column: Effects of pH and Ionic Strength". Journal of Soils and Sediment, Vol. 11, N0. 3, pp. 491-503. April 2011.
[16]	Dominique Righi, Fabio Terribile, and Sabine Petit. "Pedogenic Formation of Kaolinite-Smectite Mixed Layers in a Soil Toposequence Developed From Basaltic Parent Material in Sardinia (Italy)". Journal of Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 505-514. 1999.
[17]	Hermine Hout, M.O. Simonnot, Philippe Marion, Jacques Yvon, Philippe De Donato, J.L. Morel., "Characteristics and Potential Pedogenetic Processes of a Technosol Devoloping on Iron Industry Deposits," Journal of Soil and Sediments, Vol. 13, pp. 555-568, March 2013.
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[20]	Jafari A, Shariatmadari H, Khademi H, Rezainejad Y. "Soil Clay Mineralogy in Four Toposequences from Arid and Semiarid Regions and Its Relationship with Kinetics of Phosphorus Release". JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology. Vol. 12, No.44, pp. 153-168. 2008.

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Zulkarnain Chairuddin, Sumbangan Baja, Kaimuddin, Rahim Darma. (2013). Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(3), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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Zulkarnain Chairuddin; Sumbangan Baja; Kaimuddin; Rahim Darma. Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2013, 1(3), 105-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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AMA Style

Zulkarnain Chairuddin, Sumbangan Baja, Kaimuddin, Rahim Darma. Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2013;1(3):105-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16,
  author = {Zulkarnain Chairuddin and Sumbangan Baja and Kaimuddin and Rahim Darma},
  title = {Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {105-110},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20130103.16},
  abstract = {A study was carried out to assess environmental indicators and to investigate the role of soil mineralogy on the topolithosequence with a particular reference to soil development in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil profiles were selected based on the differences in altitude, slope gradient, and rock unit. The soil profiles can be respectively described as follows: P1 (140 meters above sea level, 20%, breksi and lava);  P2 (60 meters above sea level, 15%, sedimentary rock); P3 (20 meters above sea level, 3%, alluvium sediment), and P4 (5 meters above sea level, 0%, alluvium sediment). In the identification of sand fraction mineral for each profile, minerals such as Garnet, Apatite, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite, Feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz, Hematite, and Pyrite were found. The quartz mineral can be used as a topolithosequence indicators regarding soil development and its vulnerability against pedo-transfer functions. According to soil development, the profiles can be arranged as follow: P4 > P3 >P2 > P1. The X-ray diffractogram analysis of soil profiles indicates that the diffractogram peaks are 3.2; 3.4; 3.56; 9.9; 12.4; 14.5; 15.4; 16.8; and 17.7Ao which are identified as montmorillonite clay mineral, and the diffractogram peaks 7.2 and 10.1Ao are halloysite. Meanwhile, the diffractogram peaks 3.58, 3.59, and 7.15 Ao are identified as kaolinite. Each soil profile with its diffractogram peak signifies that all profiles have clay mineral montmorillonite, halloysite, and kaolinite, except for soil profile P1 only which has montmorillonite, and halloysite. Therefore, it could be concluded that P1 has experienced longer weathering than P2, P3, and P4, although it never leads to a soil development. The overall results of both sand fraction minerals and clay minerals signify that the soil development rate of each profile corresponds to altitude and slope. This eventually indicates that the weathering is transported in its lateral translocation nature, and reveals different types and levels of environmental indicators related to soil development.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
AU  - Zulkarnain Chairuddin
AU  - Sumbangan Baja
AU  - Kaimuddin
AU  - Rahim Darma
Y1  - 2013/07/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 105
EP  - 110
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
AB  - A study was carried out to assess environmental indicators and to investigate the role of soil mineralogy on the topolithosequence with a particular reference to soil development in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil profiles were selected based on the differences in altitude, slope gradient, and rock unit. The soil profiles can be respectively described as follows: P1 (140 meters above sea level, 20%, breksi and lava);  P2 (60 meters above sea level, 15%, sedimentary rock); P3 (20 meters above sea level, 3%, alluvium sediment), and P4 (5 meters above sea level, 0%, alluvium sediment). In the identification of sand fraction mineral for each profile, minerals such as Garnet, Apatite, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite, Feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz, Hematite, and Pyrite were found. The quartz mineral can be used as a topolithosequence indicators regarding soil development and its vulnerability against pedo-transfer functions. According to soil development, the profiles can be arranged as follow: P4 > P3 >P2 > P1. The X-ray diffractogram analysis of soil profiles indicates that the diffractogram peaks are 3.2; 3.4; 3.56; 9.9; 12.4; 14.5; 15.4; 16.8; and 17.7Ao which are identified as montmorillonite clay mineral, and the diffractogram peaks 7.2 and 10.1Ao are halloysite. Meanwhile, the diffractogram peaks 3.58, 3.59, and 7.15 Ao are identified as kaolinite. Each soil profile with its diffractogram peak signifies that all profiles have clay mineral montmorillonite, halloysite, and kaolinite, except for soil profile P1 only which has montmorillonite, and halloysite. Therefore, it could be concluded that P1 has experienced longer weathering than P2, P3, and P4, although it never leads to a soil development. The overall results of both sand fraction minerals and clay minerals signify that the soil development rate of each profile corresponds to altitude and slope. This eventually indicates that the weathering is transported in its lateral translocation nature, and reveals different types and levels of environmental indicators related to soil development.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Zulkarnain Chairuddin

Dept of soil science, Faculty of agriculture, Hasanuddin university, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245 Indonesia
Sumbangan Baja

Dept of soil science, Faculty of agriculture, Hasanuddin university, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245 Indonesia
Kaimuddin

Dept of agronomy, Faculty of agriculture, Hasanuddin university, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245 Indonesia
Rahim Darma

Dept of agriculture socio-economic, Faculty of agriculture, Hasanuddin university, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245 Indonesia, *Center for Regional Development and Spatial Information (WITARIS), Hasanuddin University, Indonesia Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245 Indonesia

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APA Style

Zulkarnain Chairuddin, Sumbangan Baja, Kaimuddin, Rahim Darma. (2013). Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 1(3), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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ACS Style

Zulkarnain Chairuddin; Sumbangan Baja; Kaimuddin; Rahim Darma. Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2013, 1(3), 105-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

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AMA Style

Zulkarnain Chairuddin, Sumbangan Baja, Kaimuddin, Rahim Darma. Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2013;1(3):105-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16,
  author = {Zulkarnain Chairuddin and Sumbangan Baja and Kaimuddin and Rahim Darma},
  title = {Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {105-110},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20130103.16},
  abstract = {A study was carried out to assess environmental indicators and to investigate the role of soil mineralogy on the topolithosequence with a particular reference to soil development in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil profiles were selected based on the differences in altitude, slope gradient, and rock unit. The soil profiles can be respectively described as follows: P1 (140 meters above sea level, 20%, breksi and lava);  P2 (60 meters above sea level, 15%, sedimentary rock); P3 (20 meters above sea level, 3%, alluvium sediment), and P4 (5 meters above sea level, 0%, alluvium sediment). In the identification of sand fraction mineral for each profile, minerals such as Garnet, Apatite, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite, Feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz, Hematite, and Pyrite were found. The quartz mineral can be used as a topolithosequence indicators regarding soil development and its vulnerability against pedo-transfer functions. According to soil development, the profiles can be arranged as follow: P4 > P3 >P2 > P1. The X-ray diffractogram analysis of soil profiles indicates that the diffractogram peaks are 3.2; 3.4; 3.56; 9.9; 12.4; 14.5; 15.4; 16.8; and 17.7Ao which are identified as montmorillonite clay mineral, and the diffractogram peaks 7.2 and 10.1Ao are halloysite. Meanwhile, the diffractogram peaks 3.58, 3.59, and 7.15 Ao are identified as kaolinite. Each soil profile with its diffractogram peak signifies that all profiles have clay mineral montmorillonite, halloysite, and kaolinite, except for soil profile P1 only which has montmorillonite, and halloysite. Therefore, it could be concluded that P1 has experienced longer weathering than P2, P3, and P4, although it never leads to a soil development. The overall results of both sand fraction minerals and clay minerals signify that the soil development rate of each profile corresponds to altitude and slope. This eventually indicates that the weathering is transported in its lateral translocation nature, and reveals different types and levels of environmental indicators related to soil development.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of Environmental Indicators on the Topolithosequence with a Particular Reference to Soil Developmemt in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
AU  - Zulkarnain Chairuddin
AU  - Sumbangan Baja
AU  - Kaimuddin
AU  - Rahim Darma
Y1  - 2013/07/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 105
EP  - 110
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130103.16
AB  - A study was carried out to assess environmental indicators and to investigate the role of soil mineralogy on the topolithosequence with a particular reference to soil development in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil profiles were selected based on the differences in altitude, slope gradient, and rock unit. The soil profiles can be respectively described as follows: P1 (140 meters above sea level, 20%, breksi and lava);  P2 (60 meters above sea level, 15%, sedimentary rock); P3 (20 meters above sea level, 3%, alluvium sediment), and P4 (5 meters above sea level, 0%, alluvium sediment). In the identification of sand fraction mineral for each profile, minerals such as Garnet, Apatite, Olivine, Hornblende, Biotite, Feldspar, Muscovite, Quartz, Hematite, and Pyrite were found. The quartz mineral can be used as a topolithosequence indicators regarding soil development and its vulnerability against pedo-transfer functions. According to soil development, the profiles can be arranged as follow: P4 > P3 >P2 > P1. The X-ray diffractogram analysis of soil profiles indicates that the diffractogram peaks are 3.2; 3.4; 3.56; 9.9; 12.4; 14.5; 15.4; 16.8; and 17.7Ao which are identified as montmorillonite clay mineral, and the diffractogram peaks 7.2 and 10.1Ao are halloysite. Meanwhile, the diffractogram peaks 3.58, 3.59, and 7.15 Ao are identified as kaolinite. Each soil profile with its diffractogram peak signifies that all profiles have clay mineral montmorillonite, halloysite, and kaolinite, except for soil profile P1 only which has montmorillonite, and halloysite. Therefore, it could be concluded that P1 has experienced longer weathering than P2, P3, and P4, although it never leads to a soil development. The overall results of both sand fraction minerals and clay minerals signify that the soil development rate of each profile corresponds to altitude and slope. This eventually indicates that the weathering is transported in its lateral translocation nature, and reveals different types and levels of environmental indicators related to soil development.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
ER  -

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