1. Introduction
The crux of this work is to show that village associations do not exist in a vacuum but rather it falls within the ambit of culture. One of the major constituents of culture is the total way of life of a people. Language is the bedrock that expresses and interprets culture while language is patterned by the culture of the people, culture is transmitted through language. Language is the vehicle for the expression of cultural values, beliefs, morals and world view while culture provides the mirror through which speakers make sense of their language
[6] | Mensah, E. and Silva, E. (2016). The language of the libation rituals among the Efik. Anthiopological Notebooks. 22(1), 59–76. |
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.
To further buttress the centrality of language, Uduma, U. posits that “Cultural experience of a people cannot be meaningful unless they are organized or coordinated in language, an activity which itself presupposes an associational ability.
[10] | Uduma, U. (2004). Logic as an element of Culture. In J. I. Unah, J. I. (ed). Metaphusics, Phenomenology and African Philosophy. FADEC Publishers 10–20. |
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Associations and language are fundamental or central to organizing reality and thus a characteristic of all human societies”.
Language as a communicative tool between the speaker and the hearer is very important if we are to live a meaningful life in an interactive world.
[15] | Uwasomba, B. U., and Anyanwu, P. N. (2023). Gender Victimization: A Socio-Linguistic Study of Widowhood Practices in Amauzari Isi-AlaMbano Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Language Education. Vol. 1, No. 2. 57–63. |
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Without language, individual men and women will be `isolated as island of their own, thus making knowledge impossible. Language is therefore the bedrock of human civilization and development.
[16] | Williamson K. (1989). Niger –Congo Overview. In John Bendor-Samuel. J. (Ed). The Niger –Congo languages. University Press of America. 246-274. |
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The structure of language is the structure of the world which is built in the sociolinguistic study.
[14] | Uwasomba, B. U., (2023). The aesthetic analysis of idiomatic expressions in Amauzari Igbo: A Socio-Cultural approach. Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies. (JLLLS), Vol. 3. No. 1, 11–18. |
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Language shapes our thoughts and emotions and determines our perception of reality, it is the light of the mind a representation of a fundamental expression of social identity.
Ezikeojiaku, P. A. asserts that “Language permeates our lives from birth to death. It is the medium by which we establish and experience our most important human relationship”.
[2] | Ezikeojiaku, P. A. (2004). Introduction to Linguistics. Ark Publishers. |
[2]
The most basic essence of language is communication as that is how humans primarily interact. Any task that requires more than one person can only be successfully completed with communication and it is nearly impossible to go through a day without the use of communication.
[9] | Roksolana, P. (2022). Intersemiotics of Multimodality. Advertisement in Translation. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 18 (Special Issues 2), 1141-1164. |
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Language is the principal thing that distinguishes humans from animals. It is the most powerful and distinct way humans express their thoughts, articulate their rationality, interact and conduct effective communication within a society, community and nation
[13] | Uwasomba, B. U., (2020). The Relevance of Mother Tongue on COVID-19 Community Sensitization of Amauzari in Isi-AlaMbano Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research in the Humanities (IJCRH). No. 24, 469–480. |
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. Language and society are very important in the formation of village associations. Social and linguistic interactions in Amauzari are based on the above roles of language in the society. Language and culture help in binding people together with the end result of having peaceful existence among the individuals in Amauzari.
[12] | Uwasomba, B. U. (2018). Igbo Proverbs as tools for Conflict Management Resolution: A case Study of Isiala Mbano. International Journal of Linguistics and Communication (IJOLAC). 5. 1129–142. |
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1.1. Statement of the Problem
There are rules and regulations which must be maintained in every society. Without rules and regulations there are so many problems that people receive from other members of the society such as self-interest by different people in religion, market places, in family, in marriages and during farming seasons generate different problems in the villages. Everyone wants to get the best for oneself and would not want others to benefit from the common wealth in the village. Land disputes and boundary adjustments crises are so common in Amauzari, whenever a man dies, some of his siblings would try to take everything the deceased had without considering the fate of the widow and children left behind. Some relatives try to push the widow out of her late husband’s house. The above problems call for the establishment of village association which help to build individual’s sense of reasoning and also help in bringing development in the villages. The village associations help in maintaining peace and unity in Amauzari.
This paper sets out to achieve the following objectives:
1) To provide a formal account of village associations in Amauzari.
2) To examine the socio-cultural pattern of the village association.
3) To examine the socio-linguistic and behavioural pattern of life among the Amauzari Igbo people.
4) To examine the developmental progress involved in the village associations in Amauzari.
1.3. Contributions of the Study
This paper will contribute immensely to the growth of Igbo language as one of the major Nigerian languages with a rich cultural background. This work will showcase how people live together peacefully in the rural villages in accordance to the rules and regulations of the village associations. Anybody who violates the laws will definitely pay fine of a stipulated amount by the individual. Scholars of sociolinguistics and socio-cultural studies will find this work useful in their future research. This research calls for further studies to all and sundry in the development and growth of the rural areas. An adage in Igbo says “Anyukomammirionu, yaagbaufufu”, meaning ‘collective urine generates much foam’. Also ‘Nku di nambana-egherembanri’ meaning ‘the firewood in a particular place makes cooking easy for the people’.
2. Literature Review
Sociolinguistic study of village associations in Amauzari presents language in relation to the society. The society relates to the people and the use of language in their domains of activities and operations.
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Language and social problems and associations are so closely related. Every speaker of a language is part of a community and his idiolect (individual speech) will be determined largely by his environment which in turn will become apparent in his speech. Language is not only a tool for communication and knowledge but also a fundamental attribute of cultural identity and empowerment, both for an individual and the group.
Language cannot be mentioned without reference to the society. This is because it does not exist in a vacuum. Rather, it is deeply rooted in a society. In the same vein, a society without a language would be impossible. Members of a society need language to coexist and relate with one another. One can therefore assert that language and society have a symbiotic relationship and depends on each other. This relationship is what makes scholars investigate and examine the codes of communication used and how members of society use these codes. To the sociolinguists, language is a variable phenomenon arising from its use in the society, thus aims to study differences in language in relation to differences in social groups. In essence, sociolinguistics sets out to determine how social institution affects language and how the varied uses of language affect social groups. This led to the distinction between sociology of language and sociolinguistics as thus: “Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society while the sociology of language is primarily concerned with the study of society and how the society uses language”
[1] | Akindele, F. and adegbite, W. (2005). The sociology and politics of English in Nigeria; an introduction. O. A. U press. |
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. They further assert that there is an overlap between the two. It is glaring at this point that society is a very important issue. Different associations use language to interact and carry out their activities in relation to their existence in the environment where they found themselves.
Culture is a body of recipe knowledge that is needed for everyday social living and interaction, including the norms that govern etiquette and dressing mode.
[5] | Matthews, P. H. (2007). Oxford concise dictionary of linguistics. Oxford: oxford University press. |
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This means that culture refers to all the behaviours that a person exhibits which include: the architectural design, agriculture, food types, marriage, names, burials, festivals, clothing, religion, language and so on, that enable him to be a functional member of his society. Culture is the basis of man's education and dictates one's behavioural patterns, language, thought patterns, language attitude to things, values and beliefs. This implies that the characteristics of people in a society are determined bỷ the cultural norms of that society.
"Culture may be described as a socially acquired knowledge, that is the knowledge that someone has by virtue of his being a member of a particular society"
[4] | Lyons, J. (2009). Language and linguistics: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. |
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This, in other words means that culture is a socially conditioned behavior, which a person lives by, in order to operate as a functional member of a specific group of people. Culture is the characteristic and knowledge of a particular group, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. From the assertion above, it is obvious that culture involves the totality of all that make up a person. From religion to music, dance, paintings, crafts, language, marriage, birth, death, name giving, taboos, and so on and this is the view that this paper adopts.
Culture is a body of knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, goals, moves and ideals", This means that culture refers to the things that a group of people do by which they can be identified with. One must not fail to mention that cultural elements are not inherited but are transmitted from generation to generation through the trainingof individuals in the society.
The word association originates from the Latin word
associare, which means to unite, or ally. It was used in the Medieval English as associate, as a verb, but in the 1600 AD, when the English language stabilized its grammatical form, it had a nominal form association. The Word Association is: "an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose".
[3] | Hornby, A. S. (2015). Oxford advanced learners dictionary. Oxford: oxford University press. |
[3]
This means that an association is an organization of people who have agreed formally to come together in pursuance ofa common interest. notes that alternative terms to the word association are: alliance or consortium.
[8] | Oxford, (2022). Oxford languages. Accessed, 21/2/22. |
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This internet source gives different views by which the term association can be used. Thus, in ecology or biology, association is used to mean a stableplant community including a characteristic group of dominant plant species. In chemistry, association is used to mean the linking of molecules through hydrogen bonding or other interactions short of full bond formation. In psychology, association is known as a mental connection between things. In linguistics, association refers to the co-occurrence of linguistic units which could be: phonological, morphological lexical, syntactic, or semantic co-occurrences. In all these, one can see that the, sense of the use of the word association, involves a connection between one thing and another in a harmonious environment. “Association is a group of persons collected together with some particular aim. It is thus, a concrete group which can be seen; while at work. Thus, in contrary to society, association is a concrete form of organization of human beings".
This means that an association is a set of people who have agreed to operate in harmony to attain a set goal. This is the working definition under which the concept association will be considered in this paper.
Some of the functions of an association are:
1a. To provide opportunities to meet and engage with peers and colleagues.
b. To exchange views on a given topic.
c. To pursue a common goal.
d. To provide financial aid to members in need.
e. To educate members on specific areas relevant to the association and
f. To care for one another.
On the other hand, some of the features of an association are:
2a. An association is usually guided by rules and regulations.
b. An association has some degree of permanency.
c. An association usually has a legal status.
d. The membership in an association is usually voluntary.
e. There is usually a co-operative spirit in an association.
f. Associations are usually guided by common aims and objectives.
5. Analysis and Discussion
Village Associations in Amauzari
Recall, that the word association originates from the Latin word associare, which means tounite, or ally. Some notions of the word as used in some fields of study have been briefly mentioned in this paper. However, the notion of the term association as applicable in this paper is that it is an organization of people who have agreed formally to come together in pursuance of a common interest. In the subsections below, the types of association in Amauzari will be presented.
5.1. NdiAmá-àlà (General Village Association)
The NdiAma-ala, which means the General Village Association, is constituted of the entire adult members of the community. This association is headed by aChairman, called Onyéisíóchėthat is supported by a Secretary called in the Amauzaridialect as ‘Ode akwukwo’, a Treasurer called, ‘Ochekwaego’ and the ‘Ojéózi’, called 'the Public Relations Officer'. In this association, the members are registered and have an annual levy which each member pays. If there is any pressing need in the community such as: rural electrification, communal water project, building of community primary and secondary schools, community health centre, community road project, or any other major thing that the community may want to embark on, such issues are brought to the General Village Association where they are presented to every adult person to be on the know of the need of the present project of the community. Here, members will task themselves of some amount of money to achieve the project. The informants of the corpus for this paper actually confirmed that this method was how the rural electrification project, building of schools, markets, building of roads, and the building of some health centres in the Amauzari community were achieved. Also, ifa member of the association dies or is bereaved, members task themselves for some money to support such a member as a token from the association. Where a member dies, the family of the bereaved, buys a cow to be killed for the General Village Association members. Members, who are in dire need of some financial help, can also borrow money from the association with a written agreement to return the money at a set time. The General Village Association, is a regulatory body that checks the activities of its members.
5.2. OtùUmụNwóke (Men's Village Association)
OtùUmụNwóketranslated as 'Men's Village Association', is an association that is exclusively for men in the Amauzari Community. In this association, men talk of affairs that are of relevance to them. The association is headed by a Chairman, called ‘Onyếísíóchè’ that is supported by a Secretary called in the Amauzari dialect as ‘Ode ákwukwo’, a Treasurer called, 'Ochèkwa ego’, and the ‘Ojéozi’ called the Public Relations Officer', as his principal officers. Here, they talk of the parcels of land that a village has. They decide on what section of the land to farm on each year. The association sees to it that the gods of the land are appeased before any farming season. The association revers the oldest man in the community, because he keeps the ofọ (the image ofthe god of the land). It is equally him who pours the libation and offers sacrifice of any type on behalf of the entire village. Any male or female person who commits any crime is first interrogated in their separate clan association before it is brought to the General Village Association. The Men's Association, also has an annual levy, which each member pays. It also has a social welfare scheme which allows members to put down money for thrifts, which are to be taken in turns. From this, members can build financial capital for themselves. Members can help the needy, such as: paying the school fees of some children in the community, building houses for the homeless, helping the orphans and the widows amongst them. Members who arein financial need can be helped, by lending them some money which will be paid at a specified time. In the Men's Association, a male adult person could be advised to take another wife to avoid the temptation of illicit relationship that may earn him a bad identity. These are some of the things that are done in the Men's Association.
5.3. OtùŲmùNwáányị (Women's Village Association)
Otù Umú Nwáánỳi translated in the English language as, 'Women's Village Association", is an association, that is exclusively for women. It is headed by a Chairperson (a lady), called ‘Onyéísíóchè’ that is supported by a Secretary called in the Amauzari dialect as 'Ode akwukwo’, a Treasurer called, ‘Ochekwa ego’, and the ‘Ojéózi’, called "the Public Relations Officer". It is mainly a welfareassociation and a reconciliatory forum. In the Women's Association, the women have an annual levy which they pay. They meet every two weeks to discuss their pressing needs. The women financially help themselves by having a thrift, which helps them to raise some capital for their personal needs, In the Women's Association, the Chairperson organizes the women and leads out on how to weed the village roads. They support, the old women, by helping to prepare meals for them, cleaning their house, washing for them or caring for their farmlands. When a member is bereaved, they support the person in cash and in kind. When a member is dead, the members also support the family of deceased person by offering to buy the casket for the burial of the member. The women in the association advise themselves to keep their homes neat and be humble to their husbands. They also advise themselves to nurture their children in the right order. Persons, who are in need of money for a pressing need, can borrow some money from the welfare scheme of the association which they are bound to pay back on an agreed time. When a woman has a quarrel with her husband, or any other person, the council makes every possible effort to see to it that the woman and her husband or the parties at loggerheads are reconciled.
5.4. NdiIsiOpárà (Association of the First Born Sons)
Ndi Isi Opárà, translated into the English language as, 'Association of the First Born Sons'. Just as the name implies, it is an exclusive association for the first born sons in a village in the Amauzari community. This association sees to it that their right as the first born son in the family is upheld. Like the previous associations that have been discussed in this paper, the Association of the First Born Son, is headed by a Chairperson called ‘Onyéísíóchè’ that is supported by a Secretary called in the Amauzari dialect as 'Ode akwukwo’, a Treasurer called, 'Ochèkwa ego, and the Ojếózi, called the Public Relations Officer. This association too has a welfare scheme where members can contribute thrifts for their personal use. Members too, who are in need of some financial help could borrow some money from the association. The association can embark on any project that they want to in the village. Members of the association, support greatly a member whose mother is deceased, because in Amauzari land, it is the first son that performs the burial rites of the mother, thus he is expected to spend much money at the burial of his mother. The Association of the First Born Son, can also helpthe resolution of a conflict between a member, and other person (s). They are known in helping toshare the property of a late father between a member and his siblings. These are some of the activities engaged in by the Association of the first born Sons.
5.5. UmuOkpu/UmuMgboto (Association of the Daughters Born in the Village Married and Unmarried)
UmụOkpu/mgbototranslated into the English language as, 'Association of Daughters', is an exclusively female association of the daughters from every family. This association is headed, by a Chairperson, called ‘Onyéísíóchè’ that is supported by a Secretary called in theAmauzari dialect as ‘Ode ákwukwo’, a Treasurer called, 'Ochèkwa ego ' and the ‘Ojéózi’, called the Public Relations Officer'. The Secretary of the association writes down every minute of the meetings of the association, while the treasurer records 'and gives account of every financial activity of the association. The Association of the daughters, is a very active association in the land. It equally has a welfare scheme, by which members can be financially helped when in need of money. Since in a land, it is the first daughter that performs most of the burial rites of a dead father, members see to it that they help a member under such a condition, both in cash and in kind. The Association of the daughters, also help the needy in the village, such as: the widow or widower, the elderly and the poor who cannot pay their school fees. These are some of the activities of the Association of the daughters in Amauzari land.
5.6. NdiNtòròóbiá (Association of the Youths)
NdiNtoròobía, translated into the English language, as the 'Association of the Youths'. This association, is made up of the male and female unmarried persons in the village. The association is headed by a Chairperson, called ‘Onyéísiochè’ that is supported by a Secretary called in the Amauzari dialect as ‘Ode akwukwo’, a Treasurer called, ‘Ochekwa ego’ and the ‘Ojéózi’, called public relations officer. Their objective is to see that things are rightly done in the village. They can constitute themselves into village vigilantes, by that movement into and out of the village is checking illicit movements in the night. The Association of the youths, are incharge of cleaning the villageroads. They can also go to war with another community where there is a boundary dispute or murder of an innocent soul. This association can meet once or twice in a month. The youths can engage inintra-village football matches at the end of the year during the Christmas holiday.
5.7. OgbákoUmunna (Association of Close Kindreds/Clans)
‘Ogbako Umunna’ means 'Association of Close Kindreds or Clans', in the English language. This association like the name implies is constituted of just close kindreds. The association is headed by a Chairperson, called ‘Onyéísíóchè’ that is supported by a secretary called in the Amauzari dialect as 'Ode akwukwo’, a Treasurer called, ‘Ochekwaego’ and the ‘Ojeózi’, called 'the Public Relations Officer'. By close kindreds as mentioned here, means that the members must be biologically related by blood or adoption in a village. Some of the functions of this association are:
1) To see that every birth and death within the kindred is recorded.
2) That every male and female child is meaningfully equipped with the skills of the local trade.
3) That farm lands belonging to the kindred is protected.
4) That conflict is resolved amongst members.
5) That members are actively involved in the welfare of the old ones.
6) That the ófo, 'god of the land', is sacredly venerated.
7) That, a daughter is not given to the wrong man in marriage, nor a son.
8) A son is not allowed to take a wayward or lazy woman as a wife, by doing proper investigation before the contraction of any marriage.
9) That the burial rite of any member is fully observed.