Transesterification is a widely used chemical reaction in chemical industry. The use of common homogeneous catalysts that comprise of alkali metal hydroxides/alkoxides and inorganic acids lead to intricacies associated with post reaction separation of catalysts from products. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts possess the drawback of limiting mass transport due to the presence of a three phase system that is inherently immiscible in each other with liquid/liquid/solid (L/L/S) interfaces. With the intention of ameliorating conditions for a reaction system containing L/L immiscible reactants, the ability of select metal alkoxides to act as a phase transforming advanced catalytic materials were studied. In this regard, the ability of transition-metal alkoxides to initially act as a homogeneous catalyst and then phase-separate into a heterogeneous form was elucidated. Specifically, the study targeted ascertaining the effects of different metal groups of alkoxide catalysts on the performance (yield and selectivity) toward transesterification. Eight different metals were tested. Transesterification was done using identical weights of metal alkoxides, i.e., 1% of the total weight of the reactants. Studies confirm that active sites of metal alkoxides can catalyze the transesterification reaction. It was observed that, a maximum ester yields were observed with titanium isopropoxide and yttrium isopropoxide catalysts. The selectivity of all transition metal alkoxide catalysts toward component fatty acid methyl esters was the same
| Published in | Advances in Materials (Volume 1, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.am.20120101.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-8 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2012. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Transition Metal Alkoxides, Transesterification, Catalysts, Transport
| [1] | Kim, H., et al., Development of Heterogeneous Catalyst System for Esterification of Free Fatty Acid Contained in Used Vegetable Oil. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2004. 153: p. 4 |
| [2] | Sejidov, F.T., Y. Mansoori, and N. Goodarzi, Esterification reaction using solid heterogeneous acid catalysts under solvent-less condition. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2005. 240(1-2): p. 186-190 |
| [3] | Puna, J.F., et al., Advances on the development of novel heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides in biodiesel. Fuel, 2010. 89(11): p. 3602-3606 |
| [4] | Gomes, J., et al., Development of heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 2008. 95(2): p. 273-279 |
| [5] | Chen, H., et al., Biodiesel production by the transesterification of cottonseed oil by solid acid catalysts. Frontiers of Chemical Engineering in China, 2007. 1(1): p. 11-15 |
| [6] | Yadav, G.D. and M.S. Krishnan, Etherification of β-Naphthol with Alkanols Using Modified Clays and Sulfated Zirconia. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998. 37(8): p. 3358-3365 |
| [7] | Benjapornkulaphong, S., C. Ngamcharussrivichai, and K. Bunyakiat, Al2O3-supported alkali and alkali earth metal oxides for transesterification of palm kernel oil and coconut oil. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009. 145(3): p. 468-474 |
| [8] | Kim, J.W., et al., Preparation and characterization of zeolite catalysts for etherification reaction. Catalysis Today, 2003. 87(1-4): p. 195-203 |
| [9] | Kröcher, O. and M. Elsener, Hydrolysis and oxidation of gaseous HCN over heterogeneous catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2009. 92(1-2): p. 75-89 |
| [10] | Iloukhani, H., S. Azizian, and N. Samadani, Hydrolysis of Sucrose by Heterogeneous Catalysts. Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 2001. 72(2): p. 239-244 |
| [11] | Lykourinou-Tibbs, V., A. Ercan, and L.-J. Ming, Iron(III)-Chelex resin complex as a prototypical heterogeneous catalyst for phosphodiester hydrolysis. Catalysis Communications, 2003. 4(10): p. 549-553 |
| [12] | Nandi, A., A. Mehra, and D.V. Khakhar, Coalescence in a Surfactant-less Emulsion under Simple Shear Flow. Fluid Mechanics and Transport Phenomena, 2005. 52(3): p. 10 |
| [13] | Wenzel, B., et al., Modelling Chemical Kinetics of Soybean Oil Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production: An Analysis of Molar Ratio between Alcohol and Soybean Oil Temperature Changes on the Process Conversion Rate. Bioautomation, 2006. 5: p. 10 |
| [14] | Zhou, W. and D.G.B. Boocok, Phase Distributions of Alcohol, Glycerol, and Catalyst in the Transesterification of Soybean Oil. JAOCS, 2006. 83(12): p. 6 |
| [15] | Pinto, A.C., et al., Biodiesel: An overview. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2005. 16 (6B): p. 18 |
| [16] | Suppes, G., et al., Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Zeolite and Metal Catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2004. 257: p. 11 |
| [17] | Dasari, M., M. Goff, and G. Suppes, Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Kinetics of Soybean Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2003. 80(2) |
| [18] | Serio, M., et al., Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel by Using Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006. 45: p. 6 |
| [19] | Leclercq, E., A. Finiels, and C. Moreau, Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil in the Presence of Basic Zeolites and Related Solid Catalysts. JAOCS, 2001. 78(11): p. 5 |
| [20] | Cantrell, D.G., et al., Structure-reactivity correlations in MgAl hydrotalcite catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2005. 287: p. 8 |
| [21] | Shibasaki-Kitakawa, N., et al., Biodiesel Production Using Anionic Ion-Exchange Resin as Heterogeneous Catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 2006. In press |
| [22] | Reis, S.C.M.d., et al., Transesterification of Brazilian Vegetable Oils with Methanol over Ion-Exchange Resins. JAOCS, 2005. 82(9): p. 5 |
| [23] | Furuta, S., H. Matsuhashi, and K. Arata, Biodiesel Fuel Production with Solid Superacid Catalysis in Fixed Bed Reactor under Atmospheric Pressure. Catalysis Communications, 2004. 5(12): p. 3 |
| [24] | Chen, H., et al., Biodiesel production by the transesterification of cottonseed oil by solid acid catalysts. Front. Chem. Eng. China, 2007. 1(1): p. 5 |
| [25] | Yan, S., S.O. Salley, and K.Y. Simon Ng, Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 2009. 353(2): p. 203-212 |
| [26] | Noiroj, K., et al., A comparative study of KOH/Al2O3 and KOH/NaY catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil. Renewable Energy, 2009. 34: p. 1145-1150 |
| [27] | Di Serio, M., et al., Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel by Using Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2006. 45(9): p. 3009-3014 |
| [28] | Vicente, G., M. Martinez, and J. Aracil, Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. Bioresource Technology, 2004. 92: p. 9 |
| [29] | Nawaratna, G., S.D. Fernando, and S. Adhikari, Response of Titanium-Isopropoxide-Based Heterogeneous Amphiphilic Polymer Catalysts for Transesterification. Energy & Fuels, 2010. 24(8): p. 4123-4129 |
| [30] | Nawaratna, G., R. Lacey, and S.D. Fernando, Effect of hydrocarbon tail-groups of transition metal alkoxide based amphiphilic catalysts on transesterification. Catalysis Science & Technology, 2012 |
| [31] | Eren, T., et al., Hydroxymethylation and polymerization of plant oil triglycerides. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004. 91(6): p. 4037-4046 |
| [32] | Hammett, L.P. and M.A. Paul, A Series of Simple Basic Indicators. III. The Zero Point of the Acidity Function Scale. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1934. 56(4): p. 827-829 |
| [33] | Xie, W. and X. Huang, Synthesis of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil using Heterogeneous KF/ZnO Catalyst. Catalysis Letters, 2006. 107(1): p. 53-59 |
| [34] | Ferdous, D., A.K. Dalai, and J. Adjaye, Comparison of product selectivity during hydroprocessing of bitumen derived gas oil in the presence of NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst containing boron and phosphorus. Fuel, 2006. 85(9): p. 1286-1297 |
| [35] | Curran, M.D., T.E. Gedris, and A.E. Stiegman, Catalysis of Silicon Alkoxide Transesterification by Early Transition Metal Complexes. Chemistry of Materials, 1998. 10(6): p. 1604-1612 |
| [36] | Kawakami, K., et al., Doubly Activated Supramolecular Reaction: Transesterification of Acyclic Oligoether Esters with Metal Alkoxides. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2010. 76(3): p. 875-881 |
| [37] | Gerpen, J.V., B. Shanks, and R. Pruszko, Biodiesel Production Technology, 2004 |
| [38] | N.Y. Turova, et al., The Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides2002, New Yourk: Kluwer Academic Publishers |
| [39] | Ritala, M., et al., Titanium isopropoxide as a precursor in atomic layer epitaxy of titanium dioxide thin films. Chemistry of Materials, 1993. 5(8): p. 1174-1181 |
| [40] | Bradley, D.C. and J.M. Thomas, Metal Alkoxides as Precursors for Thin-Film Growth [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1990. 330(1610): p. 167-171 |
| [41] | Bradley, D.C., Metal alkoxides as precursors for electronic and ceramic materials. Chemical Reviews, 1989. 89(6): p. 1317-1322 |
| [42] | Orgel, L.E., An Introduction to transition-metal chemistry ligand-field theory. 1 ed1960, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| [43] | Bradley, D.C. Chemistry and reactions of metal alkoxides. 1992. Wiley |
APA Style
Gayan Nawaratna, Sergio Capareda, Sandun D. Fernando. (2012). Effect of Metal Groups in Transition Metal Alkoxide Catalysts on Transesterification. Advances in Materials, 1(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20120101.11
ACS Style
Gayan Nawaratna; Sergio Capareda; Sandun D. Fernando. Effect of Metal Groups in Transition Metal Alkoxide Catalysts on Transesterification. Adv. Mater. 2012, 1(1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20120101.11
AMA Style
Gayan Nawaratna, Sergio Capareda, Sandun D. Fernando. Effect of Metal Groups in Transition Metal Alkoxide Catalysts on Transesterification. Adv Mater. 2012;1(1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20120101.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.am.20120101.11,
author = {Gayan Nawaratna and Sergio Capareda and Sandun D. Fernando},
title = {Effect of Metal Groups in Transition Metal Alkoxide Catalysts on Transesterification},
journal = {Advances in Materials},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.11648/j.am.20120101.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20120101.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20120101.11},
abstract = {Transesterification is a widely used chemical reaction in chemical industry. The use of common homogeneous catalysts that comprise of alkali metal hydroxides/alkoxides and inorganic acids lead to intricacies associated with post reaction separation of catalysts from products. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts possess the drawback of limiting mass transport due to the presence of a three phase system that is inherently immiscible in each other with liquid/liquid/solid (L/L/S) interfaces. With the intention of ameliorating conditions for a reaction system containing L/L immiscible reactants, the ability of select metal alkoxides to act as a phase transforming advanced catalytic materials were studied. In this regard, the ability of transition-metal alkoxides to initially act as a homogeneous catalyst and then phase-separate into a heterogeneous form was elucidated. Specifically, the study targeted ascertaining the effects of different metal groups of alkoxide catalysts on the performance (yield and selectivity) toward transesterification. Eight different metals were tested. Transesterification was done using identical weights of metal alkoxides, i.e., 1% of the total weight of the reactants. Studies confirm that active sites of metal alkoxides can catalyze the transesterification reaction. It was observed that, a maximum ester yields were observed with titanium isopropoxide and yttrium isopropoxide catalysts. The selectivity of all transition metal alkoxide catalysts toward component fatty acid methyl esters was the same},
year = {2012}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Metal Groups in Transition Metal Alkoxide Catalysts on Transesterification AU - Gayan Nawaratna AU - Sergio Capareda AU - Sandun D. Fernando Y1 - 2012/12/30 PY - 2012 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20120101.11 DO - 10.11648/j.am.20120101.11 T2 - Advances in Materials JF - Advances in Materials JO - Advances in Materials SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-252X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20120101.11 AB - Transesterification is a widely used chemical reaction in chemical industry. The use of common homogeneous catalysts that comprise of alkali metal hydroxides/alkoxides and inorganic acids lead to intricacies associated with post reaction separation of catalysts from products. On the other hand, heterogeneous catalysts possess the drawback of limiting mass transport due to the presence of a three phase system that is inherently immiscible in each other with liquid/liquid/solid (L/L/S) interfaces. With the intention of ameliorating conditions for a reaction system containing L/L immiscible reactants, the ability of select metal alkoxides to act as a phase transforming advanced catalytic materials were studied. In this regard, the ability of transition-metal alkoxides to initially act as a homogeneous catalyst and then phase-separate into a heterogeneous form was elucidated. Specifically, the study targeted ascertaining the effects of different metal groups of alkoxide catalysts on the performance (yield and selectivity) toward transesterification. Eight different metals were tested. Transesterification was done using identical weights of metal alkoxides, i.e., 1% of the total weight of the reactants. Studies confirm that active sites of metal alkoxides can catalyze the transesterification reaction. It was observed that, a maximum ester yields were observed with titanium isopropoxide and yttrium isopropoxide catalysts. The selectivity of all transition metal alkoxide catalysts toward component fatty acid methyl esters was the same VL - 1 IS - 1 ER -
Email: